Intenciones de emprendimiento e intraemprendimiento de los estudiantes universitarios de ciencias del deporte: un enfoque multicultural

Debido a la crisis económica acaecida en los últimos años a nivel mundial, las tasas de desempleo juvenil han aumentado, lo que ha generado que el interés de las universidades por el fomento de la actividad emprendedora entre los jóvenes universitarios se haya incrementado. Fruto de ello, es que el estudio de las intenciones de emprender con estudiantes universitarios ha ganado atención durante los últimos años, aunque no ha sucedido lo mismo con las intenciones de intraemprendimiento, pese a la importancia que este tipo de emprendimiento conlleva para el rendimiento y la competitividad de las empresas ya existentes. Sin embargo, estos estudios se han centrado principalmente en estudiantes de disciplinas empresariales, no prestando atención a otras industrias donde el emprendimiento resulta de vital importancia, siendo este el caso de la industria deportiva. Además, aunque diversos estudios han puesto de manifiesto el papel que la cultura puede ejercer en las variables predictoras de las intenciones de emprender, los estudios realizados hasta el momento comparando estudiantes de diferentes regiones o países, continúan siendo escasos. Es, por consiguiente, que el objetivo principal de este estudio es analizar las variables que influyen en las intenciones de emprendimiento e intraemprendimiento de los estudiantes universitarios de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, y analizar el efecto que la cultura (tanto a nivel regional como internacional) ejerce en éstas. Para ello, se ha utilizado como instrumento de recopilación de información un cuestionario estructurado compuesto por diferentes escalas que habían sido previamente validadas, dividido en seis áreas diferentes, y una sección de datos sociodemográficos. La muestra del estudio está compuesta por 736 estudiantes pre-graduados del último curso del Grado en Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte de España (de tres regiones diferentes) y Lituania, que se encontraban cursando sus estudios durante los cursos académicos 2017/2018 y 2018/2019. Los resultados indican que, realizar erasmus durante el grado, realizar cursos específicos sobre emprendimiento, tener padres o madres empresarias y conocer a emprendedores cercanos, son aspectos que influyen en las variables relacionadas con el emprendimiento en estos estudiantes. En relación a las variables explicativas del modelo de intenciones de emprender y de intraemprendimiento, las relaciones y coeficientes entre las variables fueron diferentes dependiendo del país y región de origen de los estudiantes, encontrándose, efecto moderador del país de pertenencia, pero no de la región de pertenencia de éstos de ciencias del deporte. Estos hallazgos sugieren, que las políticas para el fomento del emprendimiento deportivo a nivel universitario en cada uno de estos países, deberían ser diferentes. Finalmente, este estudio culmina con una serie de implicaciones teóricas y prácticas para el campo de la gestión deportiva, con la finalidad de mejorar la empleabilidad de los futuros graduados del sector deportivo.Due to the global economic crisis that has occurred in recent years, youth unemployment rates have increased, which has led to an increase in the interest of universities in encouraging entrepreneurial activity among young university students. As a result, the study of the entrepreneurial intentions with university students has gained attention in recent years, although it does not happen the same with the intrapreneurial intentions, despite the importance that this type of entrepreneurship entails for the performance and competitiveness of existing companies. However, these studies have focused mainly on students of business disciplines, not playing attention to other industries where entrepreneurship is of vital importance, being this the case of the sport industry. In addition, although various studies have shown the role that culture can play on the predictor variables of entrepreneurial intentions, studies conducted so far comparing students from different regions or countries remain scarce, and no studies that analyse it with intrapreneurial intentions have been found. It is, therefore, the main objective of this study, to analyze the variables that influence the entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial intentions of sport sciences students, and to analyze the effect that culture (both regional and international) exerts on them. For this purpose, a structured questionnaire composed of different scales previously validated has been used as an instrument for the collection of information, divides en six differente areas, and one section with sociodemographic data. The study sample is composed by 736 undergraduate students from the last year of the sports science degree from Spain (from three different regions) and Lithuania (only one region), who were studying during the academic years 2017/2018 and 2018/2019. The results indicate that, doing erasmus during the degree, taking specific courses on entrepreneurship, having entrepreneurial parents and getting to know close entrepreneurs, are aspects that influence the variables related to entrepreneurship in these students. In relation to the explanatory variables of the model of entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial intentions, the relations and coefficients between the variables were different depending on the country and region of origin of the students, finding a moderator effect of the country of belonging, but not of the region of belonging, of these of sports science students. These findings suggest that the policies for the promotion of sports entrepreneurship at the university level in each of these countries, should be different. Finally, this study culminates with a series of theoretical and practical implications for the field of sports management, in order to improve the employability of future graduates of the sports sector

La investigación sobre emprendimiento en el ámbito deportivo. Revisión de los documentos publicados en la WOS

Este artículo presenta una revisión de las investigaciones realizadas sobre emprendimiento en el ámbito deportivo, basándose en los documentos publicados en la WOS sobre esta temática. Se han encontrado 109 documentos publicados en esta base de datos hasta el año 2014, habiendo sido éstos clasificados según el autor, la revista publicada, las palabras clave utilizadas, el año de publicación, el idioma utilizado, la institución de procedencia del autor de correspondencia y el país de éste mismo. Para medir el impacto de éstos, se han utilizado los índices Recs, LCS y GCS. Los resultados muestran que el año en el que más publicaciones se han realizado es el 2011, que la mayoría de éstas son en inglés y proceden de universidades extranjeras, siendo USA y UK los países que más han publicado sobre este tema. Sin embargo, pese a que en los últimos años el número de publicaciones sobre emprendimiento en el deporte ha aumentado en esta base de datos, a nivel español, tanto por parte de autores de esta nacionalidad como del propio país así como instituciones son aún muy escasas las investigaciones que se han realizado en este ámbito

Entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial intentions of sports science students: what are their determinant variables?

Entrepreneurship is a key factor in sports due to the globalization and increase in competitiveness in the actual labour market. Therefore, it is important to understand entrepreneurial behaviour and distinguish between the two possible types, intrapreneurship and entrepreneurship, because both should be promoted. However, while studies on the entrepreneurial intentions of university students are a consolidated area of study, little is still known about intrapreneurial intentions. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to discover the determinant variables of entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial intentions of sports science students. For that reason, a sample of 183 senior-level sports science students, 23.60% female and 76.40% male with ages ranging between 20 and 41 years old (M = 22.56; SD = 2.70) was analysed. The results showed that the determinant variables of these two types of entrepreneurial behaviour are totally different. In the case of entrepreneurial intentions, the attitude towards behaviour and the perceived behaviour control were the significant determinants, while in the case of intrapreneurial intentions, the entrepreneurial abilities, subjective norm and age were the main determinants. To summarise, the educational university policies used to enhance the entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial intentions of sports science students should be different. Finally, to address this issue, some practical implications were presented.Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deport

Linked(In)g sport management education with the sport industry: A preliminary study

Social media are one of the most valuable management tools used by sport managers in the fulfilment of their daily tasks. However, the studies that share and analyse the impact of educational experiences that incorporate social media into sport management education for professional purposes are scarce to date. Thus, this study presents an educational innovation piloted in a sport management course where LinkedIn the social media most associated with the professional sphere is introduced through an experiential learning methodology, as a driver of students' career development and as a tool to keep up to date and interact with the sport industry. To assess the learning outcomes, a new scale was developed and tested. A total of 90 Spanish undergraduate sport management students (M = 22.71; SD = 3.84) participated in the study, partaking in a pre-test and a post-test. Regarding the results linked to the testing of the scale, the statistical analysis reflects the scale's two-dimensional nature, explaining 68.78% of the variance, presenting good psychometric properties (α = 0.95). On the other hand, significant increases in all the scale items between the two measures were obtained, with large effects size in the two dimensions (Cohen's d ≥ 0.80). Therefore, it is concluded that LinkedIn can help to develop the professional profile of sport management students, Linked(In)g what is taught in the classroom with what the sport industry demand

Study of spectator satisfaction at a major athletics event

Sporting events have become an important promotional tool for large cities, as they manage to generate levels of diffusion that would be economically unviable through advertising campaigns (Núñez, Calabuig, Añó, & Parra, 2014). These events have a high level of social repercussion and a strong presence in the media, thus generating a source of income for the cities (Añó, 2003). In this case, the relationship between the different dimensions of perceived quality and the competition elements regarding the satisfaction of the spectators of a Spanish Athletics Championship has been analysed to understand which elements have a greater influence on the achievement of higher levels of satisfaction, which will make the event more successful and generate a better perception of the event and the city that hosts it. In addition, the aim is to check whether the evaluations made by spectators show differences according to their age and gender, as well as their previous experience attending sporting events. The results show, at a descriptive level, that both spectators over 35 years of age and spectators who are women value the dimensions analysed most positively; differences are observed between these groups with respect to some of the analysed dimensions, whereas, regarding previous experience at events, the opinions are more equally distributed. For regression analysis, all the dimensions of perceived quality and the competition elements have a significant influence on user satisfaction, wherein the outcome quality and the competition elements are the most important elements in this prediction.Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deport

Predictive Variables of Adolescents' Intention to Be Physically Active after Graduation. Is Gender a Conditioning Factor?

The acquisition of physical activity habits during adolescence is fundamental to guarantee its adherence throughout life. However, these levels decrease during this stage, with women experimenting a more significant decrease. This paper aims to analyze if there are significant differences in the variables related to the intention to be physically active between men and women and if there is a moderating effect of gender on the variables that predict this intention. The sample is composed of 256 adolescents, aged between 16 and 19 years, 55.50% of whom are men, and 44.50% women. The results show that there are statistically significant differences (p < 0.05), with boys showing higher scores in the intention, athletic identity, and in the strength, condition, and attractiveness. About the predictive variables of the intention, the gender moderates the relationships between the physical attractiveness, condition and strength with the perceived behavioral control (pcfmale-pcfmale = 0.44; −0.48 p < 0.001; 0.27, p < 0.05, respectively), and between the subjective norm and the intention to be physically active (pcmale-female = 0.33, p < 0.01). These results highlight the importance of considering gender when designing specific policies for the promotion of physical-sports practice among adolescents to reduce the existing gender gap

Towards the development of future sustainable sports entrepreneurs: An asymmetric approach of the sports sciences sustainable entrepreneurial intentions

Contributing to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda is vital for ensuring the future of our society. The sports sector presents opportunities through entrepreneurship to contribute to them. However, little is known about how Physical Activity and Sports Sciences (PASS) students through university education could develop a sustainable mindset to be an entrepreneur. This research analyzes the conditions that generate high and low levels of sustainable entrepreneurial intentions in PASS students. The sample comprises 374 PASS students, with a mean age of 20.80 years (SD = 3.19). A structured questionnaire was administered. The results indicate that it is essential that PASS students perceive themselves as capable of creating and managing a sustainable business efficiently (condition present in all solutions). In addition, they should possess high levels of social and civic values (most explanatory solution: 47% of cases). Besides, is important that they have a positive attitude towards sustainable entrepreneurship and they feel supported by their immediate environment (second most explanatory solution: 36% of cases). Finally, some practical implications for encouraging sustainable entrepreneurial intentions of PASS students are presented.Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deport

Análisis de los efectos de la educación emprendedora en deporte ¿El género es un condicionante?

Debido a las altas tasas de desempleo juvenil en España, y a que el deporte es un sector que se encuentra en crecimiento, se deben de buscar fórmulas para fomentar el emprendimiento y así mejorar la empleabilidad de los futuros graduados del sector deportivo. Sin embargo, pese a que poco a poco está aumentando el número de emprendedores, todavía existe una brecha de género entre el número de hombres y mujeres emprendedoras. Por consiguiente, el objetivo de este estudio es analizar si la educación emprendedora deportiva tiene un efecto diferente en los estudiantes en función del género de éstos. Para ello, se ha analizado una muestra de 45 estudiantes de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte de la Universidad de Valencia que se encontraban realizando un curso de gestión deportiva y emprendimiento. Se realizó un diseño longitudinal, con un pre-test y un post-test, utilizando un cuestionario para medir dichos efectos. Los resultados muestran que la educación emprendedora tuvo diferente impacto en función del género de los estudiantes, a pesar que ambos mejoraron en la percepción del clima universitarios hacia el emprendimiento, los hombres mejoraron significativamente su control del comportamiento percibido mientras que las mujeres mejoraron su percepción de las habilidades emprendedoras. Finalmente, se proponen una serie de implicaciones prácticas a la hora de realizar políticas de educación deportiva desde la universidad para el fomento del emprendimiento deportivo tanto en estudiantes de género masculino como femenino

EL FÚTBOL COMO POTENCIADOR DE TURISMO DEPORTIVO

El turismo deportivo se puede definir como un viaje de ocio con el fin de participar, de distintas formas, en actividades físico-deportivas. Respecto al fútbol, sus encuentros constituyen grandes eventos deportivos, atracciones donde el turista vivencia, principalmente de forma pasiva, distintas actividades, ya sea como espectador o como visitante de las atracciones turístico-futbolísticas. Sin duda, el fútbol tiene un importante valor turístico, en especial para la estructura turística local, incidiendo de manera directa en aspectos como la promoción y difusión de un destino turístico. En este marco, los clubs de fútbol se convierten en promotores turísticos de su ciudad, además de desarrollar otros recursos turísticos (museos, visitas, experiencias con jugadores, o paquetes para presenciar al equipo “fuera de casa”). El fútbol puede permitir configurar un producto turístico más atractivo, diversificado, que atrae nuevos nichos de mercado

Sports entrepreneurship during COVID-19: Technology as an ally to maintain the competitiveness of small businesses

The sports sector, specifically the field of personal trainer entrepreneurship, has been severely affected by the COVID-19 crisis. However, there are still few empirical studies that analyze how the actions taken before and during this crisis can affect sports entrepreneurs' performance. This research aims to analyze which combinations of sports entrepreneurs' personal characteristics and actions performed have been most and least effective in minimizing the negative impact of COVID-19 on their businesses. A validated online questionnaire was administered to personal trainer entrepreneurs from May to June 2020 before they reopened their facilities. Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) was performed to assess the impacts. The results show that both post-COVID measures (adaptation of the business model) and previous strategic orientation seemed essential. Specifically, high levels of sports entrepreneurs' resilience and innovation/R&D when competing against their closest competitors before the COVID-19 pandemic and the increased use of technologies (sports services digitization) during the pandemic have been essential to maintaining the performance of the sports business. Thus, improvements in the digital competencies of personal trainers' sports entrepreneurs, the devel- opment of strategic plans and activities related to innovation/R&D and process improvements are important measures to maintain the competitiveness of small sports businesses during crises